Accounting Homework - 995 Words

E1-5 Cougar’s Accounting Services provides low – cost tax advice and preparation to those with financial need. At the end of the current period, the company reports the following amounts: Asset – 19000; Liabilities – 15000; Revenues – 28000; Expenses = 33000 Required: 1. Calculate net loss. 2. Calculate stockholders’ equity at the end of the period. Net loss *Revenues – Expenses = (5000) Stockholders * Assets – Liabilities = 4000 E1-6 Cash 5400 Salaries expense 2200 Accounts payable 3400 Retained earnings 3900 Utilities expense 1200 Supplies 13800 Service revenue 9300 Common stock 6000 Use only the appropriate accounts to prepare an income statement Revenues Service revenue 9300 Expenses Salaries expense (2200)†¦show more content†¦Each Friday, the cash clerk records the amount of cash receive and deposit the money in the bank account. Each quarter, the controller requests information from the bank necessary to prepare bank reconciliation. Required: Discuss Douglas and son’s internal control procedures related to cash receipts, nothing both weaknesses and strengths. Answer: The Company should not place all of the money in one place The Company should deposit the money in the bank account every day E5-5 On March 12, Medical Waste Services provides services on account to Grace Hospital for 11000, terms 2/10, n/30. Grace pays for those services on March 20. Required: For Grace Hospital, record the purchase of services on account on March 12 and the payment of cash on March31. March12 Dr. Cr. Expense 11000 Account Payable 11000 March 31 Account Payable 11000 Cash 11000 E5-6 On April 25, Foreman Electric installs wiring in a new home for 3500 on account. However, on April 27, Foreman’s electrical work does not pass inspection, and Foreman grants the customer an allowance of 600 because of the problem. The customer makes full payment of the balance owed, excluding the allowance, on April 30. Required: 1. Record the credit sale on April 25. 2. Record theShow MoreRelatedHomework Week 1 Accounting984 Words   |  4 Pages1-2. Identify and describe the five environmental differences between governments and for-profit business enterprises as identified in the Governmental Accounting Standards Boards Why Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting Is—and Should Be—Different. The five environmental differences include mission/purpose, source of revenue, potential longevity, relationship with stakeholders, and role of budget. The mission/purpose is defined by the goals of the organization. The purpose of aRead MoreHomework Accounting 2 Treasure Stock1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdisposition has not yet been decided, paragraph  505-30-45-1permits the cost of acquired stock to either be shown separately as a deduction from the total of capital stock, additional paid-in capital, and retained earnings, or be accorded the following accounting treatment appropriate for retired stock. 30-7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The difference between the cost of the treasury shares and the stated value of a corporation s common stock repurchased and retired, or repurchased for constructive retirement, shall be reflectedRead MoreEssay about Accounting Homework 31069 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The following information applies to the questions displayed below.] Dittmans Variety Store is completing the accounting process for the year just ended, December 31, 2011. The transactions during 2011 have been journalized and posted. The following data with respect to adjusting entries are available:    a. Wages earned by employees during December 2011, unpaid and unrecorded at December 31, 2011, amounted to $4,000. The last payroll was December 28; the next payroll will be January 6, 2012Read MoreAccounting Homework 21133 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting 202 Homework Chapter 1-Managerial Accounting , the Business Organization, and Professional Ethics 1-40 Use of Accounting Information in Hospitals Most U.S. hospitals do not derive their revenue directly from patients. Instead, revenues come through third parties, such as insurance companies and government agencies. Until the 1980s, these payments generally reimbursed the hospital’s costs of serving patients. Such payments , however , are now generally flat fees for specified servicesRead MoreAccounting Week 3 Homework2167 Words   |  9 Pageseffect on the financial statements. Which of the following, if material, is a fraud as defined in auditing standards? (1) Misappropriation of an asset or groups of assets. (2) Clerical mistakes in the accounting data underlying the financial statements. (3) Mistakes in the application of accounting principles. (4) Misinterpretation of facts that existed when the financial statements were prepared. b. What assurance does the auditor provide that errors, fraud, and direct-effect illegal actsRead MoreAccounting Homework September 16 2014804 Words   |  4 PagesACCOUNTING HOMEWORK September 16 2014 Toolbox Practice Problem 1 Elaine Consulting incorporated on February 1, 2015. The company engaged in the following transactions during its first month of operations. Feb. 1 Issued capital stock in exchange for $800,000 cash Feb. 5 Borrowed $100,000 from the bank by issuing a note payable. Feb. 8 Purchased land, building, and office equipment for $750,000. The value of the land was $150,000, the value of the building was $540,000, and the value of theRead MoreAcc 206 (Principles of Accounting Ii) Complete Class All Assignments , Dqs and Problems / Homework-Aid4132 Words   |  17 PagesACC 206 (Principles of Accounting II) Complete Class All Assignments ,DQs and Problems Click Following Link To get Entire Class http://homework-aid.com/ACC-206-Complete-Class-All-Assignments-DQs-and-Problems-617.htm You can get entire class as well as single Assignments and DQs ACC 206 Week 1 Assignment Chapter 1 Problems ACC 206 Week 1 Assignment Chapter 1 Problems Why are noncash transactions, such as the exchange of common stock a building, included on a statement of cash flows? HowRead MoreMy Experience At The Bachelor s Program Has Helped Me Improve My Leadership Skills880 Words   |  4 PagesBachelor’s program has helped me improve my leadership skills. I have gained more confidence in myself and I really love college. How I gained more confidence is that I started a group study session in my Accounting class this is where all of my classmates can get together and we do group projects or homework basically study to get decent grades. I don t want any of my classmates to come up short so I would give my support and help any individual who is in need. While taking an interest in the BachelorRead MoreResearch Study On Study Habits1643 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, education, is crumbling before our eyes, and the leading cause I believe is the lack of proper study habits. B. Credibility Material: In my academic career, I can say without any reservations that I always found a way to study and do my homework no matter what was going on, and I hope to share some of my experience about studying with you. Through that studying I managed to maintain a 4.0 GPA in high school and have a 3.9 GPA in college while taking courses such as calculus, organic chemistryRead MoreDEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, TAXATION, AND LEGAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS chapter 3 homework758 Words   |  4 Pagesaudit every single thing. b. It does not say which accounting principles to follow. c. Sorry I don’t know the answer. d. Write down the CPA firm rather than the name of the CPA because it’s the firm to take responsible rather than any individual. e. It’s not the auditor’s duty to check out whether the financial statements are without mistake, they only perform to see if they’re fairly presented. 3-27 a. The changing of accounting method which disclosed in footnote 12, and the highly

Reflection Of Society - 909 Words

In the novel, All The Light We Cannot See written by Anthony Doerr there are many characters developed throughout the course of the novel who are reflective of society. During the development of the characters, the author reveals his viewpoint on the human condition including but not limited to, growth, emotionality, aspiration, conflict, and mortality. One of the characters the author expresses his thoughts and ideas through is Werner Pfennig. Doerr reveals the lack of choice in our lives, the difficulty of making those choices, and the repercussions our choices can have. Werner being an orphan has no big options in his life. He can not make a change because change requires opportunity. This is why Werner must attend the school. The†¦show more content†¦Werner faces many difficulties during and after leaving his home. Along his journey, he makes many difficult decisions which shape his understanding of life and more importantly his life. Firstly Werner makes the difficult decision of destroying the radio. â€Å"Carries it into the alley behind the house and crushes it with a brick.† (Doerr, 86) The radio and more specifically the professor is the only source of a proper education which Werner has ever been exposed to. Furthermore, the radio means so much to the orphanage and Jutta as that is the only interesting thing in their lives. The radio is contraband, there are two choices. Use it and get caught, or destroy it and possibly survive. Werner helps the Nazis to find the broadcasts of the enemy but he does not tell Volkheimer he is a ware of the broadcasts of Marie Laure.†Volkheimer opens one eye, huge, golden, lion-like. He says, ‘Nichts?† (Doerr,407) Werner is having an internal conflict. He is having a moral conflict. A Gordian knot, the simple solution would be to tell Volkheimer but how could he? He knows there is a connection to the professor, the man he barely knew who taught him all he knows. The biggest challenge Werner faced was with Frederick. †Maybe it’d be better if we werent friends anymore, Werner† (Doerr,251) Werner attempted to help Frederick in the dark. He did this because if Frederick was being questioned as the weakest and Werner came to his rescueShow MoreRelatedLiterature: A Reflection of Society1764 Words   |  8 Pagesimmense changes in thought on how society was functioning during that time, especially within religion. This period of literary, scientific, and artistic brilliance was labeled the Renaissance, which translates into â€Å"rebirthâ₠¬  in French. Without the printing press and spread of many forms of literature, would the amazing accomplishments of the Renaissance have even happened? This is something one should consider when he or she thinks that literature has no impact on society whatsoever. Literature is notRead MoreReflection On Discrimination In Society716 Words   |  3 PagesI think privilege is often invisible because people simply do not think of it. We do not look to our parents living in an area in which we went to a good school as being a privilege, but simply as a part of our lives. We do the same in many situations, taking for granted the things that we have that others may not. I believe the people most likely to be aware of privilege are the people most likely to be underprivileged. People of minority races, women, gays, transsexuals and intersexuals, and thoseRead MoreReflection Essay On Society In Print837 Words   |  4 Pageslesson, titled â€Å"Society in Print†, I have turned to fellow art educators and artists who have experience in implementing such lessons and evidence of how students benefit from creating and analyzing art based on social issues. This visual art lesson and the research and observations of my fellow educators and artists incorporate the national arts standard Respond, specifically analyzing how one’s understanding of the world is affected by experiencing visual imagery. The goal of â€Å"Society in Print† isRead MoreReflections on Society in Literary Works865 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience dehumanization through isolation from society. While some might believe that Marquez and Golding use the trapped characters’ actions to criticize society, it they are actually doing the opposite. All immoral behavior done by characters in these literary works are done in the absence of society, showing that the authors are actually portraying society as the stabilizing element of our morality, and the structure of our humanization. Without society, for characters like Maria, Jack, Roger andRead MorePersonal Reflections Of The Civil Society Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesworld of rapid social change, civil society and capacity building becomes predominantly important and sine qua non to a well-functioning society. However, the challenges faced are also numerous and need appropriate attention. The aim of this paper is to expound on personal reflec tions around the various issues in relation to civil society and capacity building as covered in our class sessions. Arguments and analysis will be made on how the notion of civil society is inter-related or overlapping withRead MoreReflection On The Dead Poets Society1379 Words   |  6 PagesReflections on the film, The Dead Poet’s Society 1. How does the Welton school (other than Mr. Keating) view â€Å"knowledge†? What role did the body play (other than in Mr. Keating s class)? Which philosopher s or philosphers views(s) on knowledge seem to have most influenced how the students were taught? Defend your answer. The school views knowledge as information for the student to learn without question. The boys are to memorize the materials and follow the exact instructions of the teacherRead MoreA Reflection On Society Of Ancient Greece Essay1765 Words   |  8 Pages For this report, I will write a reflection concerning society in ancient Greece. I will include information pertaining to the lives of those who lived in ancient Greece and what their daily lives consisted of. Social issues and political philosophy will also be discussed along with other material that is considered significant to ancient Greek society. This concludes my introduction. When did Ancient Greece exactly flourish and how? The civilization known as Ancient GreeceRead MoreLord of the Flies - Reflection of Society840 Words   |  4 PagesIn society, people have the ability to become violent no matter the personality of the individual. Brutality is in all animal species. The only difference between humans and the animals is the ability of the human mind to control ones thoughts and actions, however, even this ability can be lost if presented with a situation that becomes so stressful or so outrageous that the mind is no longer in control. This is exactly what happens in the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Within thisRead MoreMass Media And Reflection Of Society2345 Words   |  10 PagesFeasibly, the capacity of the suburban family sitcom to capture a large audience decade after decade spotlights its importance to mass media and reflection of society. Indeed, 1950’s American television viewers were primed for an optimis tic view of life. Those families depicted in the sitcoms offered an idealized representation of the American dream. (Lule, 2016) Accordingly, indicated by the many fathers of the fifties who were within the peace and serenity of their suburban homes with their familiesRead MoreOutsiders Reflection of Judgemental Society539 Words   |  2 PagesFrom S.E. Hinton’s novel by the same name comes a story about a group of young boys who overcome many obstacles and try to fit into their judgemental society. Directed by the amazing Francis Ford Coppala, The Outsiders is one film that is necessary to watch. The scene at the church in which the boys recite the poem, â€Å"Nothing Gold can Stay†. As I was reading this chapter of the book, I pictured the same scenery in my head, that was showed in the movie. This part in both the book and the movie, has

Software Licensing And Piracy Essay Example For Students

Software Licensing And Piracy Essay In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $12.5 billion to the software industry, with a loss of $2.2 billion in the United States alone. Estimates show that over 40 percent of U.S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industrys piracy losses occurred outside of the United States borders. The Software Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States was obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software mana gers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution and licensing. Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent law and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuant to Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law, and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holders rights in the secret. The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from state to state, but commonly have the same elements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a court will allow a trade secret to be used by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret independently or if the holder does not take adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States Copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression. The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the Supreme Court determined that a piano roll used in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music because the roll was part of a mechanical device. Since a computer program is textual, like a book, yet also mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the Copyright Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the Act. In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the users right to make a single backup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a tangible form (written somewhere i.e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D.C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a court (federal) to stop that person by an injunction and to give you damages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act Public Law 101-650) was approved by Congress in 1990, this Act prohibits the commercial rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. An amendment to Title 18 to the United States Code was passed by Congress in 1992. This amendment. Known as Public Law 102-561 made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement of software. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years, fines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction or distribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retail value exceeding $2,500 or more. Under United States law duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for use by different users within an organization, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else is prohibited. Under this law if anyone is caught with the pirated software, an individual or the individuals company can be tried under both civil and criminal law. A Civil action may be established for injunction, actual damages (which includes the infringer=s profits) or statutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement. The criminal penalties for copyright infringement can result in fines up to $250,000 and a jail term up to five years for the first offense and ten years for a second offense or both. When software is counterfeit or copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the whole software industry feels the effect of piracy. All software developers spend a lot of time and money in developing software for public use. A portion of every dollar spent in purchasing original software is funneled back into research and development of new software. Software piracy can be found in three forms: software counterfeiting, which is the illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program; Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers l oad unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular dealer; and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet. When software is pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/or upgrade version being very expensive. Federal appellate courts in the U.S. have determined that operating systems, object code and software cotained in ROMs are protected by copyright, and some lower federal courts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set on microprocessor chips), and the look and feel of computer screens is subject to copyright protection. Which leads to the problems of the widespread development of multimedia applications that has brought out major problems in clearing copyright for small elements of text, images, video and sound. The United States Government has been an active participant in protecting the rights of the software industry. When the Business Software Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local law enforcement officials participate also. An organization known as the Software Publishers Association (SPA) is the principal trade association of the PC software industry. SPA works closely with the FBI and has also an written enforcement manual for the FBI to help them investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations (audits). With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actions resulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 million since the program started in 1990. recovery Essay2. Implement a software codes of ethics for everyone to adhere to. The ethics should state that copyrighted software, except for backup and archival purposes, is a violation of the law. 3. Establish a procedure for acquiring and registering software. Determine your companies software needs, evaluate software packages, and also have supervisors approve the plans. Keep the lines of communication open. 4. Establish and maintain a software log. The log should state the date of when the software was acquired, the registration of it, serial number, network version, location of where the software is in use, where the original is, licensing agreement and the location of the original disks. 5. Conduct periodic audits or on a as needed basis comparing the software log and/or other purchase records. 6. Establish a program to educate and train your employees about every aspect of software and its uses. 7. Maintain a library of software licenses and provide users with copies of the agreement. 8. Having done the above seven points, the company can benefit by having obtained software legally, receive full documentation, technical support when needed and also upgrade notices. Patents do not cover specific systems, instead they cover particular techniques that can be used to build systems or particular features that systems can offer. Patent grants the inventor a 17 year monopoly on its use. Once a technique or feature is patented, it may not be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer program usually uses several techniques and provides many features, it can infringe many patents at once. A computer program is built out of ideal mathematical objects whose behavior is defined, not modeled approximately, by abstract rules. An example of this is Borland International, Inc. complained in the 1st Federal District Court gave Lotus Development Corp. the benefit of patent protection to Lotus 1-2-3 menu commands and their order, but failed to require Lotus to meet the requirements of patent law, including novelty, examination and contribution to the prior art. The Supreme Court sid ed with the 1st Circuit decision that one entity cannot own the user interface to programs. Meaning such as file formats, menu structures and programming languages. Software license agreements emerged as the most popular means of protection of proprietary rights in computer software. They coexist with other forms of intellectual property rights as patent and copyright. Software license agreements serve several functions in transactions involving the transfer of computer technology. One of the most important legal functions is the protection of the proprietary rights of the licenser in the transferred software. Other functions include controlling the revenue generated by licensed software and determining the rights and responsibilities of the parties regarding the performance of the licensed technology. Issue related to these functions include the applicability of Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, including offer and disclaimer of warranties, determining the appropriate types of licenses to utilize, such as single users/CPU licenses, Site/enterprise licenses and network/concurrent licenses. Trade secret, copyright and patent law are form s of protection in the sense that they may exist independently of any underlying business transactions and do not necessarily require any transfer of intellectual property from one party to another. Whereas, the need for a license agreement usually arises as one of the contractual forms of protection when the underlying business transaction involves the transfer of intellectual property, such as computer software. Transactions involving the transfer of computer software are subject to both federal and state laws. Generally, state law governs contractual and trade secrets aspects of the transaction, while federal law governs aspects related to patent, copyright and antitrust issues. Each state has its own version of a doctrine of a trade secret, the common thread through these state-specific laws is that if you show that you are seriously treated information as confidential and that the confidential information helped your competitive position, you can stop others from using it if th e information was improperly acquired by them, and even collect damages from the wrongdoers. A computer is useless without software. The two types of software typically found on a computer are operating systems software and application software. Operating system software provides interface that makes it easier to develop programs for the system by reducing the amount of code that must be written. The operating system acts as an interface between the computer hardware, application programs and the end user. Application software consists of one or more computer program that fulfill a specific function for the user like word processing, bookkeeping or financial analysis. Two legal cases recently within the last few years has brought to light the controversy regarding the copyright protection of software elements. Until 1992, most of the federal courts followed the decision in Whenlan v Jaslow Dental Laboratory as a precedent of similar cases. Whenlan, a small software company wrote a accounting program for Jaslow Dental Laboratory company. Jaslow rewrote the software to run on personal computers and proceeded to sell the product. The software was identical to Whenlans in the data structures, logic, and the program structure, except for the source code. Jaslow argued that the duplicated elements were part by the of the idea not the expression. The court in response felt that the data structures, logic, and the program structure comprised to make a single function of a computer program, therefore copyright protection should be given to those elements also. In 1992, this protection was weakened by Computer Associates v. Altai, Inc. , when Altai a software developer was accused of copying various modules of a software package developed by Computer Associates which controlled the running of applications on IBM mainframes. The court rejected Whelan=s premise that a computer program embodies one function because programs are made up of sub-routines that contain their own idea. The court recognized this would narrow the scope of software copyright protection and found this in accordance with Congressional intent of computer programs with copyright. This resulted in why currently software copyright is not as broad as it once was. BibliographyBrandel, William, Licensing stymies users,URL:http://www.viman.com/license/license.html#policy, Viman Software, Inc., 1994. Business Software Alliance, Software Piracy and the Law,URL:http://www.bsa.org/bsa/docs/soft_pl.html, Business Software Alliance, 1995. Software Publishers Association, SPA Anti-Piracy Backgrounder,URL:http://www.spa.org/piracy/pi_back.htm, Software Publishers Association, 1995.

Types of Meaning free essay sample

Leech gives primacy to conceptual meaning because it has sophisticated organization based on the principle of contrastiveness and hierarchical structure. E. g. /P/  can be described as-  voiceless + bilabial + plosive. Similarly Boy = + human + male-adult. 2/Associative meaning The associative meaning of an expression  has to do with individual mentalunderstandings of the speaker. They, in turn, can be broken up into six sub-types:connotative, collocative, social, affective, reflected and thematic Collocative meaning is the meaning which a word acquires in the company of certain words. Words collocate or co-occur with certain words only e. g. Big business not large or great. Collocative meaning refers to associations of a word because of its usual or habitual co-occurrence with certain types of words. ‘Pretty’  and  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhandsome’indicate  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœgood looking’. However, they slightly differ from each other because of collocation or co-occurrence. The word  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpretty’  collocates with –  girls, woman, village, gardens, flowers, etc. On the other hand, the word  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhandsome’  collocates with –  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœboys’ men, etc. so  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpretty woman’ and ‘handsome man’. 7) Thematic Meaning: It refers to what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or a writer organizes the message in terms of ordering focus and emphasis . Thus active is different from passive though its conceptual meaning is the same. Various parts of the sentence also can be used as subject, object or complement to show prominence. It is done through focus, theme (topic) or emotive emphasis. Thematic meaning helps us to understand the message and its implications properly. For example, the following statements in active and passive voice have same conceptual meaning but different communicative values. e. g. 1)  Mrs. Smith donated the first prize )  The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith. In the first sentence  Ã¢â‚¬Å"who gave away the prize  Ã¢â‚¬Å"is more important, but in the second sentence  Ã¢â‚¬Å"what did Mrs. Smith gave is important†. Thus the change of focus change the meaning also. Sense relations,,,, Sense relations are paradigmatic relations between words or predicate s of the same syntactic categories, which can replace one another without violating the grammatical rules; or in other words, those relations reveal the semantic choices available at a particular structure point in a sentence. Two major types of sense relations can be distinguished: * Sense relations of inclusion, esp. yponymy  and  synonymy * Sense relations of exclusion, esp. complementarity  and  antonymy Synonymy is the relationship between two words that have the same sense. This is a strict definition of synonymy – the identity of sense. Some linguists, however, consider synonymy a similarity of meaning Hyponymy is a sense relation between lexemes such that the meaning of one lexeme is included in the meaning of the other. Antonymy is a sense relation in which oppositeness of meaning is observed. There are many pairs or groups of words, which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike or spelled alike, or both. Such words are called homonyms. Polysemy refers to the phenomenon in which one and the same word has more than one meaning. Semantic field Semantic field is a term to refer to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided into semantically related sets or fields. Words in each semantic field defines one another, Sense and reference†¦. Frege is said to be the first person to set out the difference between sense and reference in a systematic form, and it is from his writing that the terms first arise. Reference Reference is a part of meaning. Assume that there are three trees in a field. Each tree has a unique reference. Each branch on each tree has a unique reference. And each leaf and the field have a unique reference. There are two ways we can look at reference. The first is physical in that each atom and electron has reference whether it can be seen or not. The second is perceptual: this means how we see objectsdo we see them as an object or not? We will take the latter approach. Reference also includes imaginary objects: unicorns, leprechauns, Santa Claus, Hades, elves, eternal bliss, and so forth. This would also include objects which currently do not exist but could exist: a King of France, dinosaurs, a five-cent ice-cream cone, and so forth. Sense Sense is the more interesting part meaning. Sense refers to how we see an object or the amount of information given about an object. The classic example cited showing the distinction is the planet Venus. As a planet it has reference arbitrarily given the name Venus. It is often called the morning star when seen in the morning, and the everning star when seen in the evening. Thus, it has two senses, depending on the time of day the object is seen. The planet itself is the referent, the morning star is one sense, the evening star the other sense. It could have other senses. Theories of meaning,,,, Different theories of meaning can be distinguished, according to how they deal with the relation between words, concepts and things in the world, and the conventions that are constitutive of this relation. Referential theories are concerned with the relation between expressions and the external world. The referential theory is used to explain our knowledge of linguistic meaning, but makes no claim about how we actually know how linguistic expressions acquire meaning. In other words, it makes no psychological claims. A referential theory of semantics assumes that MEANING IS REFERENCE TO FACTS OR OBJECTS IN THE WORLD The Ideational Theory of Meaning This theory was developed by the British empiricist philosopher, John Locke. The theory explains that the meaning attached to words can be separated from the word themselves. This means that meaning originates in the mind in the form of ideas. Words are just sensible signs for the convenience of communication. Language is therefore, a mechanism for expressing thoughts and thought is viewed as a succession of conscious ideas. The ideational theory is mentalistic. Thus the meaning of a word is the mental image or idea of the word or the expression generated in the mind of the speaker or hearer. The ideational theory is perceived to be abstract or imprecise because of dependence on mental images for decoding the meaning of words. Ideas may be too vague to comprehend. There are also many words (especially the abstract ones) that do not have specific physical realities, let alone mental manifestations. It is unthinkable that the mind can create an image of what the senses cannot perceive. The theory may not be able to account for synonymous expressions. It may also be difficult to use the theory to explain the mental image conjured by sentences. Indeed, sentences derive their meaning more from the word order. The prototype theory was proposed by Eleanor Rosch. She suggested that when people categorize items they match them against the prototype, or ideal exemplar, which contains the most representative features inside the category. Objects that do not share all the characteristics of the prototype are still members of the category but not prototypical ones. She argued that prototypes represent a basic level of categorization, e. g. chair, as opposed to a superordinate, e. g. furniture and a subordinate level, e. g. kitchen chair. The prototype theory has been particularly fruitful in providing several researchers with a convenient explanation of some phenomena in studies of vocabulary acquisition and teaching, mental lexicon, as well as in studies of cognitive linguistics and linguistic data. It has also been suggested that categorization based on prototypes is the basis for human development, and that this learning relies on learning about the world via embodiment. Componential analysis, also called feature analysis or contrast analysis, refers to the description of the meaning of words through structured sets of semantic features, which are given as â€Å"present†, â€Å"absent† or â€Å"indifferent with reference to feature†. The method thus departs from the principle of compositionality. Componential analysis is a method typical of structural semantics which analyzes the structure of a words meaning. Thus, it reveals the culturally important features by which speakers of the language distinguish different words in the domain (Ottenheimer, 2006, p. 20). This is a highly valuable approach to learning another language and understanding a specific semantic domain of an Ethnography. Denotation and connotation,,,, Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary definition. ? For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles? Khaving a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions. Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger. Denotation is an act of denoting or indicating something. denotation means the literal definition of a wordfrom the notation. connotation means the associations of a wordwith the definition. Connotation means implication, intention or imagination with a specific thing or person. Collocation†¦ A collocation is a combination of words that are commonly used together; the simplest way of describing collocations is to say that they ‘just sound right’ to native English speakers. Other combinations that may mean the same thing would seem ‘unnatural’. Collocations include noun phr ases like ‘stiff wind’ and ‘weapons of mass destruction’, phrasal verbs such as ‘to get together’ and other stock phrases such as ‘the rich and famous’

English Essays (752 words) - Fiction, Film, Speculative Fiction

English 0ctober 22, 2017 A good Leader A leader, by definition, is a person who leads a group of people, organization or country. In the book "Ender's Game" by Oscar Scott Card, it explains a story of a six-year old boy, Ender Wiggins, who is expected to lead a group of kids in order to save the world from an alien race called the Buggers. Ender has to endure a lot of hard things so that it is possible to save the world. While going through his journey, Ender becomes a good leader. Some things that make him a good leader is that he is a hard worker, he is creative and cares for others. At the age of six, Ender is capable of understanding and working through complex things because he is a hard worker. He thinks farther into the future, plans things out and follows through. Ender says, "I have to win this now and for all time, or I will fight it every day and it will get worse and worse" (Card 7). This is important because it shows that he works through things efficiently. Ender also does his best when he does anything. The adults see that Ender doesn't just do the bare minimum. Graff, Ender's mentor, says "Ender Wiggins is not a killer he just wins thoroughly" (Card 226). His leadership skills are evident in his work ethic. Ender is creative and smart and he encourages others to be creative as well. Ender likes unique ideas. He tells Bean, one of his soldiers, "I need you to be clever Bean, I need you to think of solutions to problems we haven't seen yet. I want you to try things no one else has ever tried because they are absolutely stupid" (Card 198). Ender is very smart. He knows or figures out how to do just about everything. In the book, the author writes "all he had to do is watch the game and understand how things worked, and then he could use the system and even excel" (Card 118). This tells us that no matter what, Ender will figure out a way to succeed. Because of Ender's creativity people follow him and his new ideas. Caring for the people you are leading creates more interest in your goals since you are vested in the outcome of the situation. Ender truly cares about his friends, especially his friend Bean. He says "I'll be watching you more compassionately than you will know, and when the time is right you will find that I am your friend and you are the soldier that you want to be" (Card 168). Ender's capacity to care for people extends even to his enemies. He explains to his sister "In the moment when I truly understand my enemy, understand him well enough to defeat him, then in that very moment I also love him" (Card 238). Ender cares for people in a way that a lot of other leaders don't. He is forced to do hard things but never loses his humanity. Some people would argue that Endure isn't capable of being a good leader because he is only six years old. This might seem like a valid point but they live in a society that is dependent on grooming children for battle. Ender is a third, meaning the third child who has a combined personality of his two older siblings giving him traits that catapult him to leadership. Ender's friend from battle school explains the oddity of their situation "I've got a pretty good idea of what children are and we are not children. Children can lose sometimes and nobody cares. Children aren't in armies, they aren't commanders, they don't rule over forty other kids, it's more than anybody can take and not get crazy" (Card 108) . The demands put on them are so great that they're childhood is non-existent, they are forced into mature situations that have life or death outcomes, requiring maturity far more than is typical for their age. Ender endured a lot to become a good leader. Throughout the book he shows his incredible work ethic, creativity and compassion. He takes these characteristics to the next level, First when goes

Hopper & Sheeler essays

Hopper & Sheeler essays Americas modernization and industrialization caused an artistic revolution, which caused many artists to begin to portray the new urban era in their works.and set out to create a Native American painting. One artist, Edward Hopper, a member of the Ashcan school of painters, focused on the gritty metropolis of urban city life in American society, particularly focusing on portraying ordinary subjects in the working class while socializing in modern entertainment events. Another artist named Charles Sheeler, a Precisionist, reveling Americas strength and growth, depicted many objects of the Industrial Age. Clearly, modernism was found in the gritty, alienated realities of urban society caused by industrialization, while other paintings, like Sheelers, reveled in the machine age and Americas growing industrial power. One of the great painters of the Industrialization Era was Edward Hopper, who depicted images of urban isolation in his work. Hopper was greatly influenced by the Ashcan artists, who followed Impressionistic style of cropping, and sketchy brushwork, as well as German Expressionistic techniques such as the use of a darker palette. He and others particularly focused on portraying ordinary subjects in the working class while mingling in modern entertainment events. They wanted their images to be real rather than sentimental and reassuring. Although Hopper was greatly influenced by the Ashcan School, he tended to depict more on urban isolation than the chaos of urban living. One such example is his 1942 painting of Nighthawks, in which he depicts three anonymous and uncommunicative customers lost in their own thoughts. The overall mood of the piece conveys a sense of loneliness and desolation, and the figures seem as remote from the viewer as they are from each other. Hoppers understanding of light and its expressive possibilities play upon the simplified shapes of the figures and give the ...

Non-verbal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Non-verbal Communication - Essay Example As I walk towards the school entrance while thinking about my quizzes, report, and schools fees, I saw a random blond haired, blue eyed guy in his gray Gap sweatshirt waiting for people at the front door of my school. I look at my back and there are a bunch of people hurrying towards their own classrooms. They are probably his friends. As I take my time walking, I noticed the people at my back are not his friends. He is merely holding the door for everyone that passes by. I noticed some people smile back at him, other nods while others do not pay any attention. They are probably in a hurry. I thought of turning around and find another entrance because I think is plainly awkward. But then, I changed my mind and realized not to make a big deal out of it. As I approached the door, he was already holding the door open for me. It was probably my gloomy mood that he gave me a toothy grin. I was too engrossed in my thoughts to say â€Å"thanks† so I gave him a nod and a pat on his ba ck instead. I do not know what the guy is into, maybe he was just tripping around. I also thought that maybe he was just a genuinely nice guy or that maybe he was conducting a social experiment. He was probably doing a study of how strangers react to the random act of kindness. I mean, who would have done it? I am sure the school administration has the security guards to do that. But anyway, there was a lot of confusion but not so much of misunderstanding. As for me, I got confused at first. I find it awkward but decided there was nothing wrong about it and not to fuss over it. Most people nodded and smiled at him but there were those who ignored him. They are probably in a hurry. I nodded at him and gave him a pat on his back. It felt really good to be shown kindness and to be able to tell that person you appreciate the kindness evens in deeds.